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Saturday, February 15, 2025

When Pigs Fly: The Future of Xenotransplantation

Last week, Massachusetts General Hospital announced the successful transplant of a genetically modified pig kidney into a living human—the fourth surgery of its kind. While scientific advancements have only recently made such procedures possible, the idea of xenotransplantation has been around for centuries, both in research and literature.

In her 2003 dystopian novel Oryx and Crake,  Margaret Atwood imagined genetically modified “Pigoons,” designed specifically for organ transplantation. At the time, they were a scientific dream. But as this technology moves from science fiction to reality, so do the urgent questions and ethical concerns it raises. How closely does this xenotransplantation align with Atwood’s fictitious pigoons? What threats does her novel warn us of? And where might the future of xenotransplantation take us?

This podcast is hosted, produced, and written by Gabriella Foulkes. Cover art is by Mei Lin and music is by PodcastAC. Special thanks to interviewees Joren Madsen, Mike Curtis, and Neel Mukherjee for their contributions.

Sources:

Abouna, G. M. (2008). Organ Shortage crisis: Problems and Possible Solutions. Transplantation Proceedings, 40(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.11.067

An Update on Mr. Rick Slayman, World’s First Recipient of a Genetically-Modified Pig Kidney. (2024, May 11). Retrieved from Massachusetts General Hospital website: https://www.massgeneral.org/news/rick-slayman-family-and-mgh-statements

Anand, R. P., Layer, J. V., Heja, D., Hirose, T., Lassiter, G., Firl, D. J., … Karadagi, A. (2023). Design and testing of a humanized porcine donor for xenotransplantation. Nature, 622(7982), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06594-4

By MASS GENERAL COMMUNICATIONS. (2025, February 7). Surgeons Perform Second Pig Kidney Transplant at Massachusetts General Hospital. Retrieved from Harvard.edu website: https://hms.harvard.edu/news/surgeons-perform-second-pig-kidney-transplant-massachusetts-general-hospital

Chase, B. (2024, March 21). World’s First Genetically-Edited Pig Kidney Transplant into Living Recipient Performed at Massachusetts General Hospital. Retrieved from Massachusetts General Hospital website: https://www.massgeneral.org/news/press-release/worlds-first-genetically-edited-pig-kidney-transplant-into-living-recipient

Cooper, D. K. C., Ekser, B., & Tector, A. J. (2015). A brief history of clinical xenotransplantation. International Journal of Surgery, 23(PMC4684730), 205–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.06.060

Good Morning America. (2024, April 4). 1st patient with pig kidney transplant discharged from hospital. Retrieved February 14, 2025, from YouTube website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsfHnwxuFqI

John Hopkins Medicine. (2019). Kidney Transplant. Retrieved from Johns Hopkins Medicine website: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/kidney-transplant

Kekatos, M. (2025, January 8). As 1st bird flu death reported in US, what could happen with virus in 2025? Retrieved from ABC News website: https://abcnews.go.com/Health/1st-bird-flu-death-reported-us-happen-virus/story?id=117417561

Neergaard, L. (2023, September 22). Surgeons perform second pig heart transplant, trying to save a dying man. Retrieved from AP News website: https://apnews.com/article/pig-heart-transplant-d894f6ce27b7db71ecb0ec393cac3e86

Prillaman, M. (2024, June 10). What is CRISPR? A bioengineer explains. Retrieved from news.stanford.edu website: https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2024/06/stanford-explainer-crispr-gene-editing-and-beyond

Rick Slayman Discharge Statement. (2024, April 3). Retrieved from Massachusetts General Hospital website: https://www.massgeneral.org/news/rick-slayman-discharge-statement

Stein, R. (2024, July 8). Doctors try a controversial technique to reduce the transplant organ shortage. Retrieved from NPR website: https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/07/08/nx-s1-4896568/transplant-organ-shortage-nrp-normothermic-regional-perfusion

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